Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. It is a common symptom of coronary artery disease, a condition in which the arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. Angina is often described as a pressure, squeezing, or tightness in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It is typically triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, or other factors that increase the heart’s demand for oxygen.
There are two main types of angina: stable and unstable. Stable angina follows a predictable pattern, occurring during exertion or stress and easing with rest. Unstable angina, on the other hand, can occur unexpectedly, even at rest, and is considered a medical emergency as it may signal an impending heart attack. Another less common type, known as variant or Prinzmetal’s angina, is caused by temporary spasms in the coronary arteries that reduce blood flow. Recognising which type is present is crucial for determining appropriate medical care and lifestyle adjustments.
The underlying cause of angina is usually atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Over time, this narrowing limits the heart’s oxygen supply, especially during activity when demand increases. Other contributing factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol levels. A family history of heart disease or a sedentary lifestyle can also increase the risk.
Typical symptoms of angina include a heavy or tight sensation in the chest that may feel like indigestion, along with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and fatigue. These symptoms often improve with rest or reduced activity as the heart’s demand for oxygen decreases. However, persistent or worsening pain should never be ignored, as it may indicate a more serious cardiac event requiring immediate attention.
Preventing angina and reducing its impact involves adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise, a balanced diet low in saturated fats and sugars, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco can all improve heart function and circulation. Managing stress and getting adequate sleep also play a role in protecting cardiovascular health. Regular health check-ups help detect and control risk factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol before they cause damage.
Living with angina requires awareness and careful management of triggers. Many people lead full, active lives by recognising early warning signs and taking steps to reduce strain on the heart. Understanding one’s limits and maintaining open communication with healthcare professionals helps ensure safety and long-term well-being.
