Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness that makes a person feel as though they or their surroundings are moving when they are actually still. It is not a condition itself but a symptom of underlying issues affecting the inner ear or brain. Vertigo can occur suddenly and last for seconds, minutes, or even hours, depending on the cause, and can significantly affect balance and daily activities.
The most common type is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which happens when tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and interfere with balance signals. Other causes include inner ear infections, migraines, or conditions like Ménière’s disease, which involves fluid buildup in the inner ear. Less commonly, vertigo can result from head injuries, certain medications, or neurological problems.
Symptoms often include spinning sensations, loss of balance, nausea, vomiting, and unsteadiness when walking. Some people also experience ringing in the ears, hearing loss, or a feeling of fullness in the ear. Movements such as turning the head or standing up too quickly can worsen the sensation.
Because the inner ear plays a major role in balance, vertigo occurs when the brain receives mixed signals from the body’s balance systems. This sensory conflict can be disorienting and sometimes cause anxiety or fear of movement. Identifying the underlying cause helps determine the best course of management.
Managing vertigo depends on its cause. For some, simple head and body exercises designed to reposition inner ear crystals (such as the Epley manoeuvre) can provide quick relief. Staying hydrated, avoiding sudden movements, and sitting or lying down during episodes help reduce discomfort and prevent falls. Persistent or severe cases should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Most cases of vertigo improve with time or specific treatment. Understanding personal triggers, maintaining balance exercises, and following professional guidance can help restore stability and confidence.
